Universities 

Education has been done with a system of tutor and tutelage. A tutor is someone who personally one on one teaches younger people whatever. That was the Greeks method of teaching. And after the Romans conquered the Greeks they started using that method but before that they let the fathers teach. The fathers taught their children the basics like reading, writing, how to count, and how to measure so they could transact business. The collapse of Rome threw the European world into an up evil and education was one of those things. The older stymies declined and one on one tutoring declined because people couldn’t really afford it anymore also the tutors in Rome where often Greek slaves. However the church was preserved through this decline of the Roman empire. The church had schools already. It had small schools to train young men how to become bishops and church offers. These were small schools where they taught young men how to read and write. It was the conflict between the pope and the Emperor over who should have the authority to appoint bishops.The bishop of Rome was the most powerful of all the bishops and that later became the pope. The bishop of Rome stripped the power to appoint bishops from the Emperor and when he did that he also was placing himself at the top and putting all the other churches beneath him. But to do that he needed to hire more bureaucrats because in order to centralize a very large institution like that and over a wide geographic. You have to have  many levels and layers of bureaucracies and higher acre and all of a sudden there is more demand for these bureaucrats then there was a supply of them to the invention of the universities. The universities were basically a larger version of the older church school. Some of them even became universities. But in the university a young man could get a bachelor of arts degree or a masters of arts degree. The universities were training young bureaucrats. To be a bureaucrat you have to follow ridged procedures and to obey orders. The second function of the university was to protect the teachers from the free market. In the beginning young men paid the teachers to teach them if they did not know how they were teaching them they could fire them. The teachers came together and organized a geld to protect them from the free market forces and that geld was the renovated university model. One of the first universities was the the university of Paris. That was a geld ( a university) formed by the teachers and from then on out the students payed the universities and then the university then paid the teachers but the teachers but the teachers didn’t have to be held directly accountable to the students and the students lost their authority over the teachers they could no longer hire and fire them at will. They had to go to the university and then take the classes that the university accented them.

Wine Press

Wine making has been handed down since the dawn of mankind and various tools too. The first thing that Noah did after he got off the arc. He built a wine vineyard and made wine and he got that knowledge from his ancestors . The common method for making wine is to crush up grapes and then extract their juice and let them ferment. The basic way to crush grapes is to crush them with your feet. And let the grape juice flow into a vat. But even now and then particularly better tools have been used to help improve this process. The Egyptians had the bag press which helped a little bit. Rome made sophisticated wine presses but they did not use them much because of the fact that they were too expensive to build and probably because of the abundance of slave labor. It was the monks who lived using the wine press. The monks used them all the time they served the lord’s supper which was bread and wine. The design that the monks used was called the basket press and that’s basically the same design we use today.

Ribbed Vault 

The Roman arch style was copied from Greece but the style faded after Rome collapsed. The ribbed vault allowed very high selling you could put lots of windows and decorate the place. It evolved from elere vault styles. First there was the simple barrel vault and after that a groin vault. 

Chimney 

 The large houses used to have a hole in the roof. It was open to the night sky and not the entire roof they would have it in certain areas of the roof. But when it got colder people abandoned that style. It was this problem that helped create the early chimney like devices into these large houses into the form of the modern chimney.