Mercury Barometer 

Through Galileo Torricell became interested in the problem. The problem was that miners had trouble pumping weather out of mines. Torricell built a model in his backyard and it drew attention. He substituted mercury for water and invented the mercury harometer.                                                                           

Barometers measure atmospheric pressure. It consists of a tube and a dish full of mercury. Mercury is a dense liquid metal. A vacuum appears at the top of the tube. The level changes along with the air pressure. The barometer helps us predict the weather. Torricelli wrote a letter about the device to his friend Ricci, in Rome. Ricci sent Torricelli’s letter to Mersenne in France and Mersenne sent Torrielli’s letter to Pascal. Then Pascal asked his relative to take the barometer up a mountain. His relative agreed and he did it along with several important local people. 

Pendulum Clock

 Christian Huygens was born in 1629 in the Ductch Republic. He learned of the pendulum through Galieo’s insights. The pendulum is “isochronous” determined by its length. Huyges completed what Galileo Started and invented the first pendulum clock. The pendulum clock removed old design defects. It reduced clock error down to 15 seconds per day. Short swings are more accurate than long ones. The minute hand appeared by 1690. The pendulum regulates the escapent’s energy release. The pendulum releases one gear tooth per swing. The escapement powers the pendulum. The pendulum clock spread quickly. An improved escapement mechanism was invented in 1675. George Graham popularized the device through  clockmaker Thomas Tompion. Thompson’s High-quality workmanship was the result of the protestan work ethic.

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle was born in 1627 and studied Galileo’s work. He became a member of the Invisible college to conduct scientific investigation. He learned of the vacuum pump in 1657. Boyle transitioned alchemy to chemistry. He believed in science as a way to glorify God. He published a ground-breaking book, The Skeptical Chemist. He rejected the Greek view of four. He proposed an alternative: matter made of atoms. Ancient Greek philosophers and similar ideas studied the philosophical idea but didn’t do the science. 

Boyle’s Christian faith gave him confidence to explore the concept. The cultural differences explain the success or failure of ideas in different times. Boyle’s influence was established through the Invisible college I became the Royal society a prestigious institution of early scientists. King Charles II provided funding after 1660. Boyle almost became the president in 1680. The Royal Science to help mankind.